PROCESS ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC POLICY

 PROCESS ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC POLICY

The process begins when a new policy actors began to realize that the policy of the state of the problem, namely the perceived situation of adversity or disappointment in the formulation of needs, values and opportunities (Ackoff in Dunn, 2000:121). Dunn (2000-21) argued that policy analysis methodology combines five general procedures commonly used in solving human problems: definition, prediction, prescription, description, and evaluation. In the policy analysis procedures have specific names, namely:
1. Problem Definition
Formulation of the problem (definition) produce information about the conditions that lead to policy issues
2. Forecasting
Forecasting (prediction) provides information about the future consequences of the implementation of policy alternatives.
3. Recommendations
Recommendation (prescription) provide information about the relative value or usefulness of future consequences of a problem-solving.
4. Monitoring
Monitoring (description), produces information about the consequences of present and past from the implementation of policy alternatives.
5. Evaluation
Evaluation, which has the same name used in everyday language, provides information about the value or usefulness of any consequences or pengatasan a problem-solving.

In the analysis of public policy does not include the seven most basic steps. Into seven steps are:
1. Problem Formulation Policy
In order to study public issues needed something theoretical, and methodological information relevant to the problems faced. So the identification of issues will be timely and accurate, then developed into a policy question raised by a particular policy issues.
Theories and methods needed in this stage is the method of evaluation research, including research, quantitative methods, and theories relevant to the substance of the problems faced, as well as information about issues that carrying out a study.

2. Goal Formulation
A policy always has the objective to solve public problems. Policy analysts should be able to formulate these goals are clear, realistic and measurable. Clearly, that is easy to understand, realistic means in accordance with the philosophy of values and the measured point can be calculated as far as possible for real, or can be broken down by size or specific units.

3. Determination Criteria
Analysis requires clear criteria and consistent to assess alternatives. The things necessary pragmatic nature such as economic (efficiency, etc.) politics (consensus among stakeholders, etc.), administrative (likely effectiveness, etc.) but also no less important matters concerning the abstract values such fundamental ethical and philosophy (equity, equality, etc.)

4. Model Formulation
Model is the abstraction of the real world, can also be defined as a simple picture of the complex reality of its problems. The model can be manifested in various forms which can be classified as follows: Schematic models (eg flow charts), physical models (eg, miniature), game models (eg, fire training), symbolic model (eg, a mathematical formula). Benefits models in public policy analysis is to facilitate the description of structural problems, assist in conducting predictive consequences arising from the presence or absence of changes in factor.

5. Alternative Development
Alternatives are a number of tools or methods that can be used to reach, directly or indirectly a number of objectives that have been determined.
Policy alternatives may appear in one's mind for several reasons: (1) Based on the observation of existing policies. (2) By making such an analogy of a policy in a certain field and tried to apply them in the middle of the field studied, (3) is the result of assessment of certain issues.

6. Alternative Assessment
Alternatives need to be assessed based on the criteria as mentioned in step three. The purpose is to get an overview assessment more about the effectiveness and Feasibility of each alternative in achieving the goals, so the obtained conclusions about which alternative is most feasible, effective and efficient. There should also be concern that, perhaps an alternative is economically profitable, the administration can be accomplished, but contrary to the social values or even have a negative impact to the environment. So for these symptoms to the assessment of ethics and philosophy or other considerations that may be needed to assess more objectively.

7. Policy recommendations
Assessment of the alternatives will provide a description of an appropriate alternative options for achieving public policy. The task of public policy analyst at the last step is to formulate recommendations on alternatives that can be taken into account at its optimum goals. Recommendations may be one or several alternatives, with the argument that a complete assessment of these various factors. In this recommendation should be put forward an alternative strategy of implementation of the policies offered to the public policy makers.

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